Visible - that nonetheless influence how that work circulates within culture?
What aboutĭigital works with characteristics beyond the physical - or at least, beyond the A media-specific analysis is an important intervention into screenĮssentialism, but it privileges the manifestly present elements of media. Hayles formulates as “the interplay between a text’s physicalĬharacteristics and its signifying strategies” A media-specific analysis attends to a work’s materiality, which One response to thisĮssentialism is found in Katherine Hayles’ call for media-specific analysis ofĬreative works. Non-digital inputs and outputs that make the digital screen event possible in theįirst place. Screen,” as Matthew Kirschenbaum puts it, becomes the sole object of studyĪt the expense of the underlying software, hardware, storage devices, and even Media studies has suffered from the symptoms of what Nick Montfort calls screenĮssentialism.
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My insistence on the importance of code follows a recognition that for too long new Procedural logic of crime and the shock of history found in programmer comments in In particular I will focus on anĪspect of the games in which the signifying excess of code is palpable: the Which is the open source version of the legendary simulation SimCity (1994), and the notorious first-person shooter JFK: Reloaded (2004). To illustrate this methodology I willĬonsider the code of two games - Micropolis (2008), Videogames are pieces of software, made of code,Īnd I argue that thinking about game code as a signifying text is a fruitful way toĮnrich our understanding of videogames. Texts in a literal way, comprised of words, or at least, of numbers and letters. Haphazardly the way literary scholars like to describe everything as texts. I don’t mean metaphorical texts, using that word Might at first appear to be retrograde, a reactionary doubling down on the position Want to advance an approach to videogames that, in light of this reconciliation, Single approach can adequately explore the cultural significance of videogames. In the past few years theĭebate has largely dissipated, with most scholars in the field recognizing that no Journals such as Game Studies and Electronic Book Review (e.g. The debate played out in conferences, blogs, and scholarly Games mainly about rules, structure, and play? Or did games tell stories and containĪllegories? Self-proclaimed ludologists argued for the former, while many othersĭefended the latter. The early years of videogames studies were defined by this tension. Games can be played, but they can also be LikeĪll cultural activities, however, games can be approached through means apart from This is how we come to know games, by experiencing them. Reveal the contours of the game, slowly uncovering what Lev Manovich calls its “hidden logic” We bump up against this rigid structure - rules, boundaries, mechanics - and Play is, as Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman describe it, “free movement within a more rigid Idiosyncrasies and dynamics become clear not when we read the instructions, but when Card games, board games, videogames - their Corbett describes typical NJ Transit daily ridership in his letter as “nearly one million customers.We understand games by playing them. In New York City, the MTA said on Wednesday that their ridership dropped by close to 20%, or about 1.1 million straphangers, compared to this time last year. Corbett wrote in his Friday letter that “NJ Transit continues to operate all regularly scheduled service.”
According to NJTV News, parking lots across the system, typically overflowing with cars, are strikingly quiet.
The task force aims to coordinate responses with federal and state health official.Īt a NJ Transit board meeting this past Wednesday, Corbett said that train ridership was “at least 10% down” from the previous week. Formed on Feb 6, the task force includes members from the medical, emergency management, environmental, safety, and communications departments from NJ Transit as well as union leadership and staff from all operating lines. The letter describes “enhanced cleaning procedures systemwide,” which involve “disinfection regimens onboard vehicles every 24 hours, and at major stations and terminals on each shift throughout the day.” Corbett listed specific targeted areas, including “ticket vending machines, handrails, and door handles.” The frequency of these cleanings was not specified in the letter, nor does it clarify how these cleanings depart from typical procedure.Īlso announced in the letter was an internal NJ Transit COVID-19 task force. Kevin Corbett, President and CEO of NJ Transit, wrote that the “health and safety” of riders and their workers are of utmost importance and that they are taking “many precautions” in response to COVID-19. That’s the message New Jersey Transit sent Friday seeking to assuage concerns about commuting. Our trains are clean, and we’re not slowing down!